Severum

The Severum is a large, peaceful South American cichlid often called the 'poor man's Discus' due to its similar body shape and elegant appearance. Despite their size (up to 12 inches), Severums are remarkably peaceful and can often be kept in community tanks with appropriate tankmates. They have deep, laterally compressed bodies with beautiful coloration ranging from gold to green depending on the variety. Severums are herbivorous cichlids that eat plants and algae, making them unique among their family. They are long-lived, intelligent fish that make excellent display specimens for larger aquariums.

Natural Habitat

Severums are native to the Amazon River basin and various river systems throughout South America. These magnificent cichlids inhabit slow-moving waters, flooded forests, and calm tributaries across Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. The natural environment consists of soft, acidic water stained brown by decaying plant matter.

In the wild, Severums prefer areas with abundant vegetation, submerged roots, and fallen leaves. They are often found in blackwater conditions where tannins from decomposing botanicals create a tea-colored environment. The water temperature typically ranges from 76-82°F year-round in their native habitat.

Severums are primarily herbivorous in nature, grazing on algae, aquatic plants, and detritus. They use their specialized pharyngeal teeth to rasp algae from rocks, driftwood, and plant surfaces. This plant-based diet makes them unique among cichlids, which are typically more carnivorous.

The species was first described by Johann Baptist von Spix and Louis Agassiz in 1831. They have been popular in the aquarium trade since the early 20th century. Several color varieties have been developed through selective breeding, though the wild-type green Severum remains highly prized by purists.

Tank Setup

Severums require spacious aquariums due to their substantial adult size. A minimum tank size of 55 gallons is acceptable for a single juvenile. However, 75 gallons or larger is strongly recommended for adult specimens. Groups or community setups need tanks of 100 gallons or more.

Filtration must be robust to handle the bioload of these large fish. A high-quality canister filter rated for at least twice the tank volume is essential. Severums produce significant waste, so maintaining pristine water conditions requires powerful filtration and regular maintenance.

The substrate should be soft sand, as Severums enjoy sifting through the bottom in search of food. Fine gravel can also work but avoid sharp substrates that might damage their delicate lips. A layer of 2-3 inches allows for natural foraging behavior.

Hardscape elements should include driftwood, smooth rocks, and caves. These provide structure, security, and surfaces for algae growth. However, leave plenty of open swimming space in the center of the tank, as Severums need room to maneuver their large bodies.

Plant selection requires careful consideration due to their herbivorous nature. Hardy plants like Anubias, Java Fern, and Amazon Sword may survive if well-established. Fast-growing stem plants or floating plants can work as sacrificial greenery. Many aquarists choose to keep Severums in planted tanks with robust species or use artificial plants.

Lighting should be moderate to support plant growth without encouraging excessive algae. Standard aquarium lighting is sufficient unless keeping live plants. Consider using tannins from driftwood or leaf litter to create more natural conditions.

Water Parameters

Severums thrive in warm water temperatures between 74-84°F. The optimal range is 76-80°F for general keeping. Higher temperatures may be preferred for breeding or when treating illnesses. Use a reliable heater and thermometer to maintain stable conditions.

The pH should be maintained between 6.0-7.5, with slightly acidic conditions being preferred. Wild-caught specimens may require lower pH levels around 6.0-6.5. Captive-bred fish are generally more adaptable to neutral pH values.

Water hardness should be soft to moderately soft, between 2-12 dGH. Severums prefer softer water but can adapt to moderate hardness levels. Consistency is more important than achieving exact parameters.

Ammonia and nitrite must remain at 0 ppm at all times. These fish are sensitive to poor water quality and will develop health issues if ammonia or nitrite spikes occur. Nitrate should be kept below 30 ppm through regular water changes.

Weekly water changes of 25-30% are essential for maintaining water quality. Severums are sensitive to accumulated waste products and require pristine conditions to thrive. Use a gravel vacuum during water changes to remove debris from the substrate.

Diet and Nutrition

Severums are primarily herbivorous cichlids with specialized dietary needs. Their natural diet consists mainly of algae, plant matter, and detritus. Unlike most cichlids, they require significant plant-based foods to maintain optimal health.

High-quality vegetable-based cichlid pellets should form the staple of their diet. Look for formulas specifically designed for herbivorous or omnivorous cichlids. Spirulina-based pellets and wafers are excellent choices.

Fresh vegetables are crucial for proper nutrition. Blanched zucchini, cucumber, peas, spinach, and lettuce should be offered regularly. Remove uneaten vegetables after 24 hours to prevent water quality issues.

Algae wafers designed for plecos and other herbivores are readily accepted. These provide concentrated plant nutrition and can be fed daily. Spirulina flakes offer another excellent vegetable-based option.

Frozen foods can be offered as occasional treats. Bloodworms, brine shrimp, and mysis shrimp are accepted eagerly. However, protein should constitute no more than 20-30% of their total diet to prevent digestive problems.

Feed adult Severums twice daily with substantial portions appropriate for their size. Juveniles may be fed three times daily for optimal growth. Remove any uneaten food after a few minutes to maintain water quality.

A diet too high in protein can lead to serious health issues including bloating, fatty liver disease, and digestive blockages. Always prioritize vegetable matter over protein-rich foods.

Behavior and Temperament

Severums are known as “peaceful giants” among the cichlid family. Despite their large size and cichlid heritage, they display remarkably calm and non-aggressive behavior. This makes them suitable for community tanks with appropriate tankmates.

These fish are generally slow-moving and deliberate in their actions. They spend much of their time grazing on surfaces, sifting through substrate, or hovering peacefully in the water column. Their graceful movements are reminiscent of Discus, earning them the nickname “poor man’s Discus.”

Severums are intelligent fish that recognize their owners. They often come to the front of the tank during feeding times and may follow movement outside the aquarium. Some individuals can be trained to take food from hands.

During breeding, Severums become territorial but remain less aggressive than most cichlids. They will defend their spawning site and fry vigorously. However, this aggression is typically directed at intruders rather than constant harassment of tankmates.

Juvenile Severums may display some skittishness and hide frequently. As they mature and become comfortable in their environment, they become more confident and visible. Proper tankmates and adequate hiding spots help build their confidence.

Tank Mates and Compatibility

Severums are compatible with a wide variety of peaceful to semi-aggressive fish. Their large size and gentle nature make them excellent centerpieces for community tanks. Choose tankmates that are too large to be eaten and have compatible temperaments.

Excellent tankmates include Geophagus species, which share similar South American origins and peaceful temperaments. Silver Dollars are suitable companions that occupy different areas of the tank. Corydoras catfish work well as bottom-dwellers that won’t be bothered by Severums.

Plecos of appropriate size make good tankmates, though smaller species may be harassed. Larger tetras like Congo Tetras, Emperor Tetras, and Bleeding Heart Tetras can coexist peacefully. Rainbowfish and larger barbs are also suitable companions.

Angelfish can be kept with Severums in sufficiently large tanks. Discus are compatible in very large, high-quality aquariums with excellent water conditions. Other peaceful South American cichlids like Uaru or keyhole cichlids may work well.

Avoid keeping Severums with very small fish under 2 inches, as they may be eaten. Shrimp and small invertebrates will likely become snacks. Aggressive cichlids like Oscars, Jack Dempseys, or Red Devils will bully and stress Severums.

Fast-moving fish that nip fins should also be avoided. Severums have long, flowing fins that may tempt nippy species. Very delicate or shy fish may be stressed by the size and presence of Severums.

Breeding

Severums form monogamous pairs and exhibit fascinating parental care behaviors. Breeding can be challenging but rewarding for dedicated aquarists. Sexual dimorphism is subtle, with males typically growing slightly larger and developing more pointed dorsal and anal fins.

Establishing a breeding pair often requires raising a group of juveniles together and allowing natural pair formation. Buying an established adult pair is another option, though these can be expensive. Once a pair forms, they usually remain together for life.

Spawning typically occurs on flat, clean surfaces. The pair will select a flat rock, driftwood, or even the aquarium glass as their spawning site. Both parents clean the surface meticulously before laying eggs.

Females lay between 200-1000 eggs depending on their size and age. The eggs are adhesive and stick to the chosen surface. Both parents guard the eggs aggressively, fanning them with their fins to prevent fungus and ensure proper oxygenation.

Eggs hatch in approximately 3-4 days at 78-80°F. The wrigglers remain attached to the spawning site for another 3-5 days while absorbing their yolk sacs. During this time, parents continue to guard them vigilantly.

Once free-swimming, the fry can be fed newly hatched brine shrimp, microworms, or crushed flakes. The parents will herd and protect the fry for several weeks. Some pairs may eat their first few spawns before becoming successful parents.

Water quality must be pristine for successful breeding. Perform frequent water changes and maintain stable parameters. Some breeders use reverse osmosis water to create softer, more acidic conditions that stimulate spawning.

Health Issues

Severums are generally hardy fish when provided with proper care. However, they are susceptible to several health issues, particularly when water quality is poor or diet is inadequate. Prevention through good husbandry is always better than treatment.

Hole-in-the-Head Disease (HITH) is a common ailment in Severums. This condition manifests as pits or holes in the head and lateral line area. It’s associated with poor water quality, nutritional deficiencies, and stress. Maintaining pristine water and providing a balanced diet helps prevent HITH.

Digestive issues often result from feeding too much protein and insufficient vegetable matter. Symptoms include bloating, loss of appetite, and lethargy. Ensure the diet is predominantly plant-based to avoid these problems.

Ich (White Spot Disease) can affect Severums, particularly when stressed by poor water conditions or temperature fluctuations. Quarantine new fish and maintain stable parameters to prevent outbreaks.

Bloat and swim bladder disorders may occur from overfeeding or improper diet. Feed appropriate portions and include fiber-rich vegetable foods to maintain digestive health.

Skin flukes and other parasites can be introduced with live foods or new fish. Quarantine all additions and observe fish regularly for signs of parasitic infection such as flashing or rapid breathing.

Regular observation helps catch health issues early. Watch for changes in behavior, appetite, or appearance. Maintain excellent water quality through regular testing and water changes.

Varieties and Appearance

The Gold Severum is the most commonly available variety in the aquarium trade. These fish display a bright, uniform yellow-gold coloration across their entire body. The fins may have subtle red or orange edging. Gold Severums are typically captive-bred and widely available.

Green Severums represent the wild-type coloration. These fish have a greenish-gold base color with red spots scattered across their body. The red spotting is more prominent in mature specimens and during breeding. Green Severums are highly prized by enthusiasts for their natural beauty.

Rotkeil Severums, also known as Red Shoulder Severums, feature a distinctive red patch on their shoulder area. This variety has been selectively bred for enhanced red coloration. The red patch becomes more intense as the fish matures.

Turquoise or Blue Severums display enhanced blue coloration, particularly on the face and body. This variety is less common but sought after for its striking appearance. The blue coloration may intensify during breeding or when the fish is displaying.

All varieties share the same deep, laterally compressed body shape reminiscent of Discus. They possess elegant, flowing dorsal and anal fins that trail behind them as they swim. Mature specimens develop a pronounced nuchal hump on their forehead, particularly males.

Frequently Asked Questions

How big do Severums get? Severums typically reach 8-10 inches in home aquariums, with some exceptional individuals growing up to 12 inches. Females are generally slightly smaller than males.

Are Severums aggressive? Severums are among the most peaceful large cichlids. They are generally non-aggressive outside of breeding periods and can be kept in community tanks with appropriate tankmates.

What size tank does a Severum need? A single adult Severum requires a minimum of 55 gallons, with 75 gallons being preferable. Pairs or community setups need 100 gallons or more.

Do Severums eat plants? Yes, Severums are herbivorous and will eat many aquarium plants. Choose hardy plants like Anubias and Java Fern, or accept that plants may be consumed.

How long do Severums live? With proper care, Severums can live 10-15 years. Some individuals have been reported to live even longer in optimal conditions.

Can I keep Severums with Discus? Yes, Severums can be kept with Discus in large, well-maintained aquariums of 100+ gallons. Both species prefer similar water conditions.

What do Severums eat? Severums are primarily herbivores. They need a diet rich in vegetable matter including algae wafers, spirulina, and fresh vegetables.

Are Severums easy to breed? Severums can be challenging to breed due to difficulty in sexing and the need for pristine water conditions. However, established pairs are usually good parents.

Why is my Severum hiding? Hiding behavior is normal for new or juvenile Severums. Ensure adequate hiding spots and compatible tankmates. The fish should become more confident over time.

Do Severums need a heater? Yes, Severums require warm water between 74-84°F. A reliable heater is essential unless keeping them in a warm climate-controlled room.

Can Severums live with Oscars? It’s not recommended. Oscars are typically too aggressive and will bully the more peaceful Severums.

How can I tell male and female Severums apart? Males are usually larger with more pointed dorsal and anal fins. They may also develop a more prominent forehead hump when mature.

Do Severums jump? Severums are not known as jumpers, but a secure lid is still recommended for any aquarium.

What pH do Severums need? Severums prefer slightly acidic water with pH between 6.0-7.5. Captive-bred fish are adaptable to neutral pH.

Can I keep multiple Severums together? Yes, multiple Severums can be kept together in large tanks (100+ gallons). They are generally peaceful with conspecifics.

Do Severums need driftwood? Driftwood provides beneficial tannins, grazing surfaces, and security. It’s highly recommended for Severum tanks.

Are Gold Severums different from Green Severums? They are the same species with different color varieties. Gold Severums are selectively bred for yellow coloration, while Green represents the wild type.

How often should I feed my Severum? Adult Severums should be fed twice daily. Juveniles can be fed three times daily for optimal growth.

Do Severums dig in the substrate? Yes, Severums enjoy sifting through sand and gravel. This is natural foraging behavior.

Are Severums good for beginners? Severums are suitable for intermediate hobbyists due to their size, dietary needs, and requirement for excellent water quality.

Tips for Success

Provide the largest tank possible from the start. Severums grow large and need space to thrive. Upgrading tank size later causes unnecessary stress.

Maintain excellent water quality through regular testing and water changes. These fish are sensitive to poor conditions and will show health issues if water quality slips.

Feed a vegetable-heavy diet. Unlike most cichlids, Severums need plant matter as their primary food source. Too much protein causes serious health problems.

Choose tankmates carefully. Avoid aggressive fish and very small species. Other peaceful South American cichlids and community fish work best.

Use sand substrate to allow natural sifting behavior. This enrichment keeps them active and healthy. Avoid sharp gravel that could damage their mouths.

Select robust plants or accept plant damage. Hardy species like Anubias and Java Fern attached to hardscape may survive. Alternatively, use artificial plants for decoration.

Be patient with new specimens. Juvenile Severums may hide frequently until they become comfortable. Provide plenty of hiding spots during the adjustment period.

Monitor for signs of Hole-in-the-Head Disease. Maintain pristine water and proper nutrition to prevent this common ailment.

Consider species-only tanks or South American biotope setups. These showcase Severums beautifully while meeting all their needs.

Plan for their long lifespan. Severums live 10-15 years or more. Ensure you’re committed to their long-term care before acquiring them.

Quarantine new fish before adding them to the main tank. This prevents disease introduction and gives you time to observe their health.

Keep water movement moderate. Severums prefer calm waters similar to their natural habitat. Strong currents may stress them.

Offer a variety of vegetable foods. Rotate between pellets, fresh vegetables, and algae wafers to ensure complete nutrition.

Don’t overfeed. These fish are enthusiastic eaters but overfeeding causes health issues and water quality problems.

Enjoy their personality. Severums are intelligent, interactive fish that make wonderful long-term companions for dedicated aquarists.